Particulate matter (PM) refers to microscopic particles in the air, measuring less than
10 micrometers (PM10) and 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) in size. These particles irritate the respiratory tract,
causing coughing, worsening symptoms of asthma and bronchitis, and increasing the risk of cardiovascular
and cancer diseases. PM2.5 is particularly dangerous as it can enter the bloodstream through the lungs.
In Armenia, the main sources are vehicle exhaust gases, burning of solid fuels (wood, coal),
industrial production, and dust from roads and surrounding mountainous landscapes.
To determine the health risk level, the US agency AirNow developed a methodology for calculating the Air Quality Index
US AQI, which is also used on our website.
The concentration of PM is used to calculate the Air Quality Index (AQI), which helps assess
the level of pollution and its health impact. Learn more about the calculation methodology and air quality grades
on the AQI Index description page.
Short-Term Effects of Particulate Matter
- Respiratory tract irritation: dryness, coughing, scratchy throat.
- Eye problems: itching, redness, a feeling of sand in the eyes.
- Reduced physical activity: fatigue, weakness due to decreased oxygen saturation in the blood.
- Asthma exacerbation: increased frequency and severity of attacks.
Long-Term Health Effects of Particulate Matter
- Respiratory diseases: chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma.
- Cardiovascular diseases: hypertension, increased risk of heart attack and stroke due to changes in blood vessels.
- Some substances in PM2.5 (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene) have carcinogenic properties, increasing the risk of lung cancer.
- Studies link long-term exposure to PM2.5 with cognitive decline and a higher risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
- Children's health deterioration: slowed lung development, increased likelihood of respiratory infections.
At-Risk Groups
- Children: their respiratory systems are actively developing, and PM can cause irreversible harm.
- Elderly people: chronic conditions such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are aggravated by PM exposure.
- People with chronic illnesses: asthma, bronchitis, and cardiovascular diseases make them more vulnerable.
- Pregnant women: exposure to PM2.5 is linked to risks of premature birth, low birth weight, and slowed fetal development.
