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Particulate Matter PM2.5 and PM10 and Their Impact on Health

Particulate Matter (PM) refers to microscopic particles in the air that are smaller than 10 micrometers (PM10) and 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5). These particles irritate the respiratory tract, causing coughing, worsening asthma and bronchitis symptoms, and increasing the risk of cardiovascular and cancer diseases. PM2.5 is particularly dangerous as it can enter the bloodstream through the lungs.

The primary sources in Armenia include vehicle emissions, the burning of solid fuels (wood, coal), industrial production, and dust from roads and surrounding mountainous landscapes.

To assess the health risk levels, the US AirNow agency developed the Air Quality Index (US AQI), which is also utilized on our website.

US AQI Air Quality Index

AQI pm2.5, µg/m³ pm10, µg/m³ Recommendations
0–50 0.0-9.0 0-54

Clean Air

The air is clean, and the risk is minimal. No restrictions, enjoy the fresh air.

pm2.5: 0.0-9.0 µg/m³, pm10: 0-54 µg/m³
51–100 9.1-35.4 55-154

Moderate Pollution

Air quality is acceptable, but there may be a slight impact on individuals sensitive to pollution.

pm2.5: 9.1-35.4 µg/m³, pm10: 55-154 µg/m³
101–150 35.5-55.4 155-254

Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups

People with chronic illnesses may experience health effects. Children, the elderly, and those with respiratory issues should avoid prolonged outdoor exertion.

pm2.5: 35.5-55.4 µg/m³, pm10: 155-254 µg/m³
151–200 55.5-125.4 255-354

Unhealthy Air

Negative health effects for everyone, especially high-risk groups. Avoid physical activity outdoors if possible. Vulnerable groups are advised to stay indoors. Use air purifiers indoors if available.

pm2.5: 55.5-125.4 µg/m³, pm10: 255-354 µg/m³
201–300 125.5-225.4 355-424

Very Unhealthy Air

Serious health effects for all residents. Stay indoors and use air purifiers. Wear respirators with fine particle protection if going outside.

pm2.5: 125.5-225.4 µg/m³, pm10: 355-424 µg/m³
301+ 225.5+ 425+

Hazardous Pollution

Critical air quality condition, posing a threat to everyone’s health. Avoid going outside. Keep windows and doors tightly closed. Use respirators with fine particle protection and air purifiers indoors.

pm2.5: 225.5+ µg/m³, pm10: 425+ µg/m³

Short-Term Effects of Particulate Matter

  • Respiratory Irritation: dryness, coughing, and a sore throat sensation.
  • Eye Problems: itching, redness, and a gritty feeling.
  • Reduced Physical Activity: fatigue and weakness due to reduced oxygen saturation in the blood.
  • Asthma Exacerbation: increased frequency and severity of attacks.

Long-Term Effects of Particulate Matter on Health

  • Respiratory Diseases: chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.
  • Cardiovascular Diseases: hypertension, increased risk of heart attacks and strokes due to vascular changes.
  • Certain substances in PM2.5 (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene) have carcinogenic properties, increasing the risk of lung cancer.
  • Studies link long-term exposure to PM2.5 with cognitive decline and increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease.
  • Adverse Effects on Children: stunted lung growth and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.

At-Risk Groups

  • Children: their respiratory systems are still developing, and PM can cause irreversible damage.
  • Older Adults: chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular and respiratory issues, are worsened by PM exposure.
  • Individuals with Chronic Diseases: asthma, bronchitis, and cardiovascular conditions make them more vulnerable.
  • Pregnant Women: PM2.5 exposure is associated with risks of premature birth, low birth weight, and slowed fetal development.

What to Do?

Information sources

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